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Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma: References
1. Ackerman AL. Retinal detachments and miotic therapy. In: Pruett RL, Regan CDJ, ed. Retina Congress. New York: 1972:

2. Alward WLM, Haynes WL. Pupillometric and videographic evaluation of anisocoria in patients with the pigment dispersion syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32(Suppl):1109, 1991.

3. Alward WLM, et al. Use of infrared videography to detect and record iris transillumination defects. Arch Ophthalmol 108:748-751, 1990.

4. Anderson DR. Discussion of Kaiser-Kupfer MI, Kupfer C, McCain L: Asymmetric pigment dispersion syndrome. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 81:321-322, 1983.

5. Barishak YR. Embryology of the Eye and Its Adnexae.Basel: Karger, 1992(Straub W, ed. Developments in Ophthalmology; vol 24).

6. Becker B, Podos SM. Krukenberg's spindles and primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 70:635-639, 1966.

7. Becker B, et al. The pigment dispersion syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 83:161-166, 1977.

8. Bellows JG. Krukenberg's spindle and its relation to annular pigmented band on the periphery of the lens. Arch Ophthalmol
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9. Berger A, et al. Pigmentary dispersion, refraction and glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28(Suppl):134, 1987.

10. Bick MW. Pigmentary glaucoma in females. Arch Ophthalmol 58:483-494, 1957.

11. Bick MW. Sex differences in pigmentary glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 54:831-837, 1962...

12. Birch-Hirschfeld A. Menschlichen Auges durch Röntgenstrahlen.
Z f Augenheilkd 45:199, 1921.

13. Brachet A, Chermet M. Association glaucoma pigmentaire et decollement de rétine. Ann D'Oculist 207:452-457, 1974.

14. Brini A, Porté A, Roth A. Atrophie des couches epithéliales de l'iris: étude d'un cas de glaucome pigmentaire au microscope optique et au microscope électronique. Doc Ophthalmol 26:403-423, 1969.

15. Byer NE. Clinical study of lattice degeneration of the retina. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol 69:1065-1081, 1965.

16. Byer NE. Lattice degeneration of the retina. Surv Ophthalmol
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17. Cameron W. Krukenberg spindle associated with megalocornea and posterior pigmentation of the lens. Am J Ophthalmol 24:687-689, 1941.

18. Campbell DG. Pigmentary dispersion and glaucoma: a new theory. Arch Ophthalmol 97:1667-1672, 1979.

19. Campbell DG. Pigmentary dispersion and pigmentary glaucoma: a new theory. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 20(Suppl):25, 1979.

20. Campbell DG. Improvement of pigmentary glaucoma and healing of transillumination defects with miotic therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 23(suppl):173, 1983.

21. Campbell DG. Iridotomy, blinking and pigmentary glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34(Suppl), 1993.

22. Campbell DG, Jeffery CP. Pigmentary dispersion in the human eye. Scanning electron microscopy. In: O'Hare, SEM Inc, 1979: 329-334.

23. Celorio JM, Pruett RC. Prevalence of lattice degeneration and its relation to axial length in severe myopia. Am J Ophthalmol
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24. Chew SJ, et al. Blinking indents the cornea and reduces anterior chamber volume as shown by ultrasound biomicroscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35(Suppl):1573, 1994.

25. Davidson JA, Brubaker RF, Ilstrup DM. Dimensions of the anterior chamber in pigment dispersion syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol
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26. Delaney WVJ. Equatorial lens pigmentation, myopia, and retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol 79:194-196, 1975.

27. Duncan TE. Krukenberg spindles in preganancy. Arch Ophthalmol 91:355-358, 1974.

28. Epstein DL. Pigment dispersion and pigmentary glaucoma. In: Chandler PA, Grant WM, ed. Glaucoma. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1979: 122.

29. Epstein DL, Boger WPI, Grant WM. Phenylephrine provocative testing in the pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol
85:43-50, 1978.

30. Evans WH, Odom RE, Wenass EJ. Krukenberg's spindle: a study of 202 collected cases. Arch Ophthalmol 26:1023-1056, 1941.

31. Feibel RM. Anisocoria in the pigmentary dispersion syndrome: further cases. J Glaucoma 2:37-38, 1993.

32. Feibel RM, Perlmutter JC. Anisocoria in the pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 110:657-660, 1990.

33. Fine BS, Yanoff M, Scheie HG. Pigmentary "glaucoma", a dysplasia of the iris. A histologic study. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol
78:OP314-325, 1974.

34. Foos RY, Simons KB. Vitreous in lattice degeneration of the retina. Ophthalmology 91:452-457, 1984.

35. Foos RY, Simons KB, Wheeler NC. Comparison of lesions predisposing to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment by race of subjects. Am J Ophthalmol 96:644-649, 1983.

36. Gillies WE, Tangas C. Fluorescein angiography of the iris in anterior segment pigment dispersal syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 70:284-289, 1986.

37. Haddad R, et al. Decompensation of chronic open-angle glaucoma following mydriasis-induced pigmentary dispersion into the aqueous humour: a light and electron microscopic study. Br J Ophthalmol
65:252-257, 1981.

38. Hagadus J, et al. Argon laser trabeculoplasty in pigmentary glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 25(Suppl):94, 1984.

39. Haynes WL, et al. Incomplete elimination of exercise-induced pigment dispersion by laser iridotomy in pigment dispersion syndrome. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 26:484-486, 1995.

40. Haynes WL, Alward WLM, Thompson HS. Distortion of the pupil in patients with the pigment dispersion syndrome. J Glaucoma 3:329-332, 1994.

41. Haynes WL, Johnson AT, Alward WLM. Inibition of exercise-induced pigment dispersion in a patient with the pigment dispersion syndrome.
Am J Ophthalmol 109:599-601, 1990.

42. Haynes WL, et al. Asymmetric pigment dispersion syndrome mimicking Horner's syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 112:463-464, 1991.

43. Iwamoto T, Witmer R, Landolt E. Light and electron microscopy in absolute glaucoma with pigment dispersion phenomena and contusion angle deformity. Am J Ophthalmol 72:420-434, 1971.

44. Jain S, et al. Pigment dispersion syndrome: a study of risk factors in the development of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28(Suppl):
147, 1987.

45. Jampel HD. Lack of effect of peripheral laser iridotomy in pigment dispersion syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 111:1606, 1993.

46. Jess A. Zur Frage des Pigmentglaukoms. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 71:175, 1923.

47. Kaiser-Kupfer MI, Kupfer C, McCain L. Asymmetric pigment dispersion syndrome. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 81:310-322, 1983.

48. Kampik A, et al. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of two cases of pigment dispersion syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 91:573-587, 1981.

49. Karickhoff JR. Reverse pupillary block in pigmentary glaucoma: follow up and new developments. Ophthalmic Surg 24:562-563, 1993.

50. Kjer P. Pigmentary glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol 39:993-998, 1961.

51. Koeppe L. Die Rolle des Irispigment beim Glaukom. Ber Ü d Versam Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges 40:478, 1916.

52. Korobova V. On the etiology of Krukenberg's spindle. Russkii Ophth J :476-484, 1929.

53. Kraushar MF, Steinberg JA. Miotics and retinal detachment. Upgrading the community standard. Surv Ophthalmol 35:311-316, 1991.

54. Krebs DB, et al. Asymmetric pigment dispersion syndrome in a patient with unilateral Horner's syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol
108:737-38, 1989.

55. Kristensen P. Mydriasis-induced pigment liberation in the anterior chamber associated with acute rise in intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol 43:714-724, 1965.

56. Krukenberg F. Beiderseitige angeborene Melanose der Hornhaut. Klin Mbl Augenheilkd 37:254-258, 1899.

57. Kupfer C, Kuwabara T, Kaiser-Kupfer M. The histopathology of pigmentary dispersion syndrome with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol
80:857-862, 1975.

58. Layden WE, Shaffer RN. Exfoliation syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 78:835-41, 1974.

59. Levinsohn G. Beitrag zur pathologische Anatomie und Pathologie des Glaukoms. Arch f Augenheilkd 62:131-154, 1909.

60. Lichter PR. Pigmentary glaucoma: current concepts. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol 78:OP309-313, 1974.

61. Lichter PR, Shaffer RM. Diagnostic and prognostic signs in pigmentary glaucoma. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol 74:984-998, 1970.

62. Lieberman MF, Hoskins HD, Jr., Hetherington J, Jr. Laser trabeculoplasty and the glaucomas. Ophthalmology 90:790-795, 1983.

63. Liebmann JM, et al. Anterior chamber anatomy in asymmetric pigment dispersion syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36(Suppl):
S562, 1995.

64. Liebmann JM, et al. Prevention of blinking alters iris configuration in pigment dispersion syndrome and in normal eyes. Ophthalmology
102:446-455, 1995.

65. Liebmann JM, Tello C, Ritch R. Pigment dispersion syndrome, iris configuration, and blinking. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35(Suppl):1558, 1994.

66. Lotufo D, et al. Pigmentary and primary open-angle glaucoma in young patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27(Suppl):166, 1986.

67. Lunde MW. Argon laser trabeculoplasty in pigmentary dispersion syndrome with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 96:721-725, 1983.

68. Mandelkorn RM, et al. Inheritance and the pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Ann Ophthalmol 15:577-582, 1983.

69. Mapstone R. Pigment release. Br J Ophthalmol 65:258-263, 1981.

70. Mauksch H. Über idiopathischen Zerfall des retinalen Pigmentblattes der Iris bei zwei Brudern. Z f Augenheilkd 57:262, 1925.

71. Mazza C. Hormonal therapy of pigmented glaucoma. Ann d'Ottal
Clin Ocul 44:273-279, 1968.

72. McDermott JA, et al. Familial occurrence of pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 28(Suppl):136, 1987.

73. McWhae J, Crichton A. International Society for Ophthalmic Ultrasound. Cortina, Italy: , 1994.

74. Migliazzo CV, et al. Long-term analysis of pigmentary dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma. Ophthalmology 93:1528-1536, 1986.

75. Murakami F, Ohba N. Genetics of lattice degeneration of the retina. Ophthalmologica 185:136-140, 1982.

76. Murrell WJ, et al. The corneal endothelium and central corneal thickness in pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 104:845-846, 1986.

77. Olander KW, Mandelkorn R, Zimmerman T. The pigment dispersion syndrome and open-angle glaucoma. Ann Ophthalmol 14:809-810, 1982.

78. Pape LG, Forbes M. Retinal detachment and miotic therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 85:558-566, 1978.

79. Pavlin CJ, Harasiewicz K, Foster FS. Posterior iris bowing in pigmentary dispersion syndrome caused by accommodation. Am J Ophthalmol 118:114-116, 1994.

80. Pavlin CJ, et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopic features of pigmentary glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol 29:187-192, 1994.

81. Pavlin CJ, et al. Accommodation and iridotomy in the pigment dispersion syndrome. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 27:113-120, 1996.

82. Petersen HP. Can pigmentary deposits on the trabecular meshwork increase the resistance of the aqueous outflow? Acta Ophthalmol 47:743-749, 1969.

83. Potash SD, et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopy in pigment dispersion syndrome. Ophthalmology 101:332-339, 1994.

84. Ritch R. Nonprogressive low-tension glaucoma with pigmentary dispersion. Am J Ophthalmol 94:190-196, 1982.

85. Ritch R, Alward WLM. Asymmetric pigmentary glaucoma caused by unilateral angle recession. Am J Ophthalmol 116:765-766, 1993.

86. Ritch R, et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopic findings in pigment dispersion syndrome. In: Krieglstein GK, ed. Glaucoma Update V. Heidelberg: Kaden Verlag, 1995: 290-298.

87. Ritch R, et al. Argon laser trabeculoplasty in pigmentary glaucoma. Ophthalmology 100:909-913, 1993.

88. Ritch R, Manusow D, Podos SM. Remission of pigmentary glaucoma in a patient with subluxed lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 94:812-813, 1982.

89. Ritch R, Steinberger D, Liebmann JM. Prevalence of pigment dispersion syndrome in a population undergoing glaucoma screening. Am J Ophthalmol 115:707-710, 1993.

90. Ritch R, Teekhasaenee C, Harbin TS, Jr. Asymmetric pigmentary glaucoma resulting from cataract formation. Am J Ophthalmol 114:484-488, 1992.

91. Rodrigues MM, et al. Spectrum of trabecular pigmentation in open-angle glaucoma: a clinicopathologic study. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otol 81:258-276, 1976.

92. Roth A, Royer J, Jouary-Letoublon G. L'hérédité du syndrome de dispersion pigmentaire. Bull Mem Soc Franc Ophthal 89:211-218, 1977.

93. Samples JR, et al. Optic nerve head drusen and glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 103:1678-1680, 1985.

94. Scheie HG, Cameron JD. Pigment dispersion syndrome: a clinical study. Br J Ophthalmol 65:264-269, 1981.

95. Scheie HG, Fleischhauer HW. Idiopathic atrophy of the epithelial layers of the iris and ciliary body. A clinical study. Arch Ophthalmol
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96. Schenker HI, et al. Exercise-induced increase of intraocular pressure in the pigmentary dispersion syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 89:598-600, 1980.

97. Seissiger J. Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Axenfeld-Krukenbergschen Pigmentspindel. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 77:37, 1926.

98. Shukla M, Ahuja OP. Heredity in lattice degeneration of the retina. Indian J Ophthalmol 31(Suppl):964-965, 1983.

99. Sokol J, et al. Location of the iris insertion in pigment dispersion syndrome. Ophthalmology 103:289-293, 1996.

100. Sokolic P. Megalocornea: Report of a case with the signs of pigmentary glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 58:486-490, 1964.

101. Speakman JS. Pigmentary dispersion. Br J Ophthalmol 65:249-251, 1981.

102. Sperduto RD, et al. Prevalence of myopia in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 101:405-407, 1983.

103. Stankovic J. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Vererbung des Pigmentglaucom. Klin Mbl Augenheilkd 139:165-175, 1961.

104. Straatsma BR, et al. Lattice degeneration of the retina. Am J Ophthalmol 77:619-649, 1974.

105. Strebel J, Steiger O. Korrelation der Vererbung von Augenleiden (Ectopia lentium cong., Ectopia pupillae, Myopie) und sog. nicht angeborenen Herzfehlern. Arch f Augenheilkd 78:208, 1915.

106. Sugar HS. Pigmentary glaucoma: a 25-year review. Am J Ophthalmol 62:499-507, 1966.

107. Sugar HS, Barbour FA. Pigmentary glaucoma: A rare clinical entity. Am J Ophthalmol 32:90-92, 1949.

108. Tolentino FI, Schepens CL, Freeman HM. In: Vitreoretinal disorders, diagnosis and management. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1976: 348.

109. Valle O. The cyclopentolate provocative test in suspected or untreated open-angle glaucoma: III. The significance of pigment for the result of the cyclopentolate provocative test in suspected or untreated open-angle glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol 54:654, 1976.

110. Vogt A. Weitere Ergebnisse der Spaltlampenmikroskopie des vorderen Bulbabschnittes (Cornea, vorderer Glaskorper, Conjunctiva, Lidrander): I. Abschnitt. Hornhaut. Arch f Ophthal 106:63-103, 1921.

111. von Hippel E. Zur pathologischen Anatomie des Glaukom. Albrecht von Graefes Arch f Ophthalmol 52:498, 1901.

112. Weseley P, et al. Lattice degeneration of the retina and the pigment dispersion syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 114:539-543, 1992.

113. Yanoff M, Fine BS. Ocular pathology: a text and atlas.New York: Harper & Row, 1975

114. Zentmayer W. Association of an annular band of pigment on the posterior capsule of the lens with a Krukenberg spindle. Arch Ophthalmol 20:52-57, 1938.

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